The Residential Child Care Practice Processes Social Work Essay Example

The Residential Child Care Practice Processes Social Work Essay To see the procedure and pattern of acknowledging immature people into residential attention today it is of import to hold an consciousness of the history of residential kid attention. The 2nd half of the nineteenth century saw the debut of Children s places by altruists such as Victorian Gentleman William Quarrier and the Reverend Jupp. Residential kid attention was provided in groups of little bungalows normally in rural locations. Residential kid attention today still contains charitable/voluntary intercessions. ( RGU 2007 ) Prior to 1983 there was no specific statute law that controlled the admittance of immature people into unafraid adjustment, an exclusion to this was if a immature individual was convicted of a serious offense through the condemnable tribunals. In these fortunes the Secretary of State had the power to put the immature individual in a topographic point of security. A hearing could call a specific school for a immature individual or kid but it was left to the caput of the constitution as to whether or non the arrangement was in a secure or unfastened scene. This meant that the kid could be moved between the units within the residential constitution without informing the hearing system. This raised concerns that the European Convention of Human Rights was being breached by Scotland. The three caputs of the bing constitutions and the Scots office set out standards for admittance into unafraid adjustment. This resulted in new statute law being added to the wellness and societal services an d societal adjudications Act ( 1993 ) which took consequence from 1st February 1984. ( Secure in the Knowledge, 2005, p7, p8 ) We will write a custom essay sample on The Residential Child Care Practice Processes Social Work specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Residential Child Care Practice Processes Social Work specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Residential Child Care Practice Processes Social Work specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Scandals that led to public questions affecting the criterions of residential attention for kids and immature people have besides contributed to the higher degree of attention now provided. Evidences for referral: The grounds a kid or immature individual is referred to the newsman and kids s hearing system vary, the kid may hold been abused physically or sexually or both. They may hold been absent from school without sensible cause, offended, been a victim of an offense or intimidation, misused drugs or intoxicant, be out with parental control, or any combination of these could be evidences for referral. ( Children s hearings 2011 ) Referral: The foundation of the kids s hearing system has laid out the undermentioned guidelines for the kids s newsman and panel. When a Reporter receives a referral, they will set about an initial probe to make up ones mind what class of action, if any, is in the kid or immature individual s best involvements. The Reporter has to see whether there is adequate grounds to back up the evidences of the referral and so make up ones mind whether mandatory steps of supervising are required. The Reporter has statutory discretion when make up ones minding the following measure, they may aˆ? decide that no farther action is required. The kid or immature individual and normally the parent or appropriate individual will be informed of any determination in authorship. aˆ? refer the kid or immature individual to the local authorization so that advice, counsel and/or aid can be given on an informal and voluntary footing. This normally involves support from a societal worker. aˆ? arrange a kids s hearing because they consider that compulsory steps of supervising are required for the kid. A kids s hearing panel is made up of three members of the populace who have had preparation in this country. It must be made up of both male and female members and purposes to hold a balance of age and experience. One of the panel members will chair the hearing. The hearing thinks about and makes determinations on the public assistance of the kid or immature individual, taking into history all of the relevant fortunes, including any hazard pickings and offending behaviors. ( ibid ) Harmonizing to Geting it Right for Every Child ( GIRFEC ) Consultation Pack on the Review of the Children s Hearings System, the most common determination for disposal of a hearing is a supervising demand. This means that the kid will hold contact with a societal worker or other identified professional on a regular footing. The kid or immature individual will hold to run into certain standards. This is every bit good as other people and professionals holding to make specific undertakings to work with the kid or immature individual. A supervising demand can hold any status attached if the hearing thinks it will assist the kid or immature individual. The local authorization has to set the supervising demand into action. Some illustrations of conditions attached to disposals are: seeing your appointed societal worker on a regular basis ; go toing a particular programme to turn to their behaviors ; being placed in surrogate attention or in a residential school or in a secure unit because of peculiar concerns ; victim-awareness and/or mediation. ( GIRFEC ) Pre-admission: Requests for arrangements must usually be made by Practice Team Workers. Exceptions to this are out-of-hours Referrals from the Emergency Social Work Services or exigency Referrals through the Criminal Justice system from Court Social Workers. Once initial petitions for arrangement are received and considered appropriate, and so the mentioning worker will be required to finish our Secure Referrals Application Form. This will so be considered by the following meeting of the Secure Referral Group. The chief rules that guide this determination are: Secure Accommodation must merely be used as the last resort and all unafraid arrangements must be for the shortest clip possible. ( Edinburgh Secure Services 2009 ) It is ever better if there is a passage program put into topographic point for a kid or immature individual coming into attention but this is non ever available as the kid or immature individual may hold a secure warrant attached to them or they may hold to be accommodated imideatly for their safety or the safety of others. Admission: The admittance procedure is the same for all kids and immature people who are come ining the attention system. This is nevertheless a more relaxed procedure if the kid or immature individual has a planned passage into attention. A passage program follows a basic four hebdomad program. This is non set in rock but the principals are. Week 1 initiation, this is a opportunity for the keyworker to go familiar with the immature individual s background and file, do hazard appraisals based on the available information and start to develop a passage program. Week 2 passage program, this will include run intoing the immature individual discoursing the attention program and seting a passage program with visits to the unit into topographic point. Week 3 presenting the immature individual to the unfastened unit through meeting staff and other immature people, Week 4 edifice on Week 3, within the secure environment there would be readying for terminations. The keyworker from the secure unit would besides see the immature individual in the unfastened unit during the move and one time they have moved to supply support for their passage. ( ibid ) By following these guidelines the injury of being admitted into attention can be minimised although the kid or immature individual will still endure the feelings of loss and separation from their household, community and equals. Elizabeth, Kubler Ross describes the phases of separation and loss as D.A.B.D.A, Denial, Anger, Bargaining, Depression, and Acceptance. These phases of heartache can besides be applied to a immature individual traveling into attention and will non needfully follow any set order. ( Kubler Ross, 1969 ) Anthropologist Kalervo Oberg discussed four phases of civilization daze which an person can travel through when come ining a unusual civilization. These phases can besides be related to a immature individual come ining into attention. The four phases of civilization daze are described as, the honeymoon period, the crisis stage, the accommodation stage and version. Young people coming into attention frequently display behaviors that they would non usually utilize, this will include being truly quiet, angry, violent, hostil and submissive before they accept the new surroundings they find themselves in. Staff in the unit can besides help in a less traumatic passage by helping the immature individual to adorn their sleeping room with postings and personal effects to do them experience more at place. Facilitating contact with parents or callings and guaranting the kid is made to experience welcome in the unit by presenting them to the other occupants and staff. Institutionalism is the syndrome which is now used to depict a set of ill adapted behavior that are induced by the force per unit areas of life in any institutional scene . ( McNown, Miriam. Johnson Rhodes, Rita. 2007 ) There is ever a danger of going institutionalized when remaining in attention for extended periods, by seeking to advance a sense of ego and personal individuality within the immature people this is less likely to go on. If a immature individual is to be secured under subdivision 70 of the Children ( Scotland ) Act 1995 they have no engagement in the designation of a arrangement. The resources available may intend that the kid is placed out with their geographical country. This is an institutional response which is in direct struggle with the rights of the kid ; thought besides needs to be given to statutory demands and the jurisprudence. The national attention criterions for attention describe what each single kid should anticipate from their clip in attention. The relevant subdivision is get downing your stay criterions 1-7. The criterions are grouped under headers that follow the kid or immature individual s journey through the service. The important 1s in this instance are Get downing your stay ( criterions 1 to 7 ) 1 Arriving for the first clip 2 First meetings 3 Keeping in touch with people who are of import to you 4 Support agreements 5 Your environment 6 Feeling safe and secure 7 Management and staffing agreement By following these criterions admittance injury can be minimized and the immature individual will be able to go on to hold a sense of ego and personal individuality. Forming new fond regards is another country that a immature individual coming into attention can happen debatable, a firmly attached kid, harmonizing to, Mary Ainsworth, in the Strange Situation survey, exhibit hurt when separated from health professionals. Edinburgh kids and Families section are now working towards an fond regard advancing theoretical account of attention. This will work in concurrence with anti-oppressive and anti-discriminatory pattern. It is vitally of import to us that immature people are able to develop their individuality within a positive environment. Therefore, we will non digest any unjust intervention or favoritism of immature people which is based on their age, gender, civilization, race, spiritual patterns or beliefs, sexual orientation or so any other feature of the immature individual that they have a right to keep or show . ( Edinburgh Secure Services 2009 ) In 1989, authoritiess worldwide promised all kids the same rights by following the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child. These rights are based on what a kid needs to last, turn, take part and carry through their possible. They apply every bit to every kid, irrespective of who they are, or where they are from. ( GIRFEC ) Within the attention puting it is critical that all kids have entree to a kids s rights officer to move as an advocator for the immature people who are looked after by Children households Services. The Care Commission was set up in April 2002 under the Regulation of Care ( Scotland ) Act 2001 Regulation of Care ( Scotland ) Act 2001 to modulate all grownup, kid and independent health care services in Scotland. From 1 April 2011 a new regulative organic structure, Social Care and Social Work Improvement Scotland ( SCSWIS ) , is responsible for modulating societal services. ( National Care Standards )

Free Essays on “The Reign Of The Emperor Nero”

Nero, the fifth emperor of Rome, was originally named Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus, but his name was changed to Tiberius Claudius Nero Caesar on February 25, 49 (Krasavin). He was connected by blood to the second Caesar, Augustus, through his father (Griffin 20). Nero was thought to be a born emperor; he addressed the Senate in Greek and had all of his petitions granted by the young age of fifteen (Krasavin). Nero was of average height, had blemish-covered skin, and suffered from body odor. He had auburn-colored hair styled in ringlets. He had gray-blue eyes, a thick next, spindly legs, and was overweight (Lissner 126). Nero was not a proficient speaker, and it is believed that his tutor Seneca, who was a great influence in the shaping of his character, wrote most of his speeches (Lissner 111, Krasavin). Nero studied almost all of the â€Å"liberal disciplines,† but his mother Agrippina believed that philosophy was an unsuitable subject for an emperor to study (Krasavin). Nero had a stepbrother named Britannicus, Claudius’s natural son, but Nero was declared the royal heir early on. In 53, Nero married Octavia, his half-sister (Griffin 29-30). Nero’s ultimate succession to the throne was due to his mother, who had considerable power and influence in Roman politics. Many believe that Agrippina brewed the poison that killed Claudius so her son could take over the throne. On October 13, 54, Nero was officially proclaimed empersor of the Holy Roman Empire (Krasavin). When he ascended to the throne, Nero claimed that he had no enemies and that he was taking the throne free from any desire for revenge. He wanted to get rid of favoritism, lobbying for appointments, and corruption. He promised to reform the courts, give the Senate every freedom, and not declare war (Lissner 112). However, Nero’s mother was very power-hungry. When Nero fell in love with a slave girl named Acte, Agrippina realized that she was losing her ... Free Essays on â€Å"The Reign Of The Emperor Nero† Free Essays on â€Å"The Reign Of The Emperor Nero† Nero, the fifth emperor of Rome, was originally named Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus, but his name was changed to Tiberius Claudius Nero Caesar on February 25, 49 (Krasavin). He was connected by blood to the second Caesar, Augustus, through his father (Griffin 20). Nero was thought to be a born emperor; he addressed the Senate in Greek and had all of his petitions granted by the young age of fifteen (Krasavin). Nero was of average height, had blemish-covered skin, and suffered from body odor. He had auburn-colored hair styled in ringlets. He had gray-blue eyes, a thick next, spindly legs, and was overweight (Lissner 126). Nero was not a proficient speaker, and it is believed that his tutor Seneca, who was a great influence in the shaping of his character, wrote most of his speeches (Lissner 111, Krasavin). Nero studied almost all of the â€Å"liberal disciplines,† but his mother Agrippina believed that philosophy was an unsuitable subject for an emperor to study (Krasavin). Nero had a stepbrother named Britannicus, Claudius’s natural son, but Nero was declared the royal heir early on. In 53, Nero married Octavia, his half-sister (Griffin 29-30). Nero’s ultimate succession to the throne was due to his mother, who had considerable power and influence in Roman politics. Many believe that Agrippina brewed the poison that killed Claudius so her son could take over the throne. On October 13, 54, Nero was officially proclaimed empersor of the Holy Roman Empire (Krasavin). When he ascended to the throne, Nero claimed that he had no enemies and that he was taking the throne free from any desire for revenge. He wanted to get rid of favoritism, lobbying for appointments, and corruption. He promised to reform the courts, give the Senate every freedom, and not declare war (Lissner 112). However, Nero’s mother was very power-hungry. When Nero fell in love with a slave girl named Acte, Agrippina realized that she was losing her ...

The Voice of the People Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Voice of the People - Essay Example Burr gets involved with the girl next door, Eugenia. Burr and Eugenia were involved in a love situation but as life went on, the girl came to realize that the love will never go yield anything as they come from different class. Burr got involved in politics as he grew up. In politics, Burr was honest and dynamic. Due to this, Burr became the governor of Virginia. Despite the enmity in politics, Burr was loved by the people who voted for him. His childhood girlfriend had left him as she ran away and married another person. After a while, she realizes that she made a mistake with her marriage as it was built out of no love. She regrets having the marriage as she loosed a man with integrity. The story goes on and talks of Burrs’ death as he was liked. It was a mob that killed him as he was intervening them to stop the mob from lynching a black man. The author brings out the two themes of the Southern society, clearly as being the role of class and race (Glasgow,

Voc wk9 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Voc wk9 - Essay Example The idea of recycling the different steps at different times in a persons life makes sense. The counselor must understand that coming out is an added feature that must be taken into consideration when counseling GLBT individuals. When racial identity is added to the GLBT experience, the counselor must take into consideration to multicultural issues of race that come into play. This would entail the counselor having some multicultural competence. As an example, Arredondo et al (!996, as cited in Capuzzi and Stauffer, 2006) suggest that a counselor must focus on the individuals worldview so they understand the "effects of racism and discrimination" (p. 424) on an individuals decision making. This means that a counselor must understand all of a clients needs when they are GBLT and have a visible racial group. Bowman, S.L. and Evans, G.L. (2006). Career counseling with visibly recognizable racial and ethnic minority groups in Capuzzi, D., and Stauffer, M.D. Career counseling: Foundations, perspectives and applications. 421-444. Whitcomb, D.H., Wettersten, K.B., and Stolz, L.C. (2006). Career counseling with gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender clients in Capuzzi, D., and Stauffer, M.D. (2006) Career counseling: Foundations, perspectives and applications. 386-420. The two case studies I chose to compare are Marisol, a 41-year old lesbian and Hallie, a 58 year old transsexual. These two women have other issues that would create challenges in their career choices such as age and gender. In both examples the women are relatively new in defining their sexual identity. Marisol came out three years ago. In her case, her partner is a high profile lawyer who has been out longer. Marisol is wrestling with going public to help her partner versus staying in the closet for her job and her children. Hallie is wrestling with discontinuing her work as a drag queen which does not pay as much

Korea culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Korea culture - Essay Example In relation to music, Korean pop (K-Pop) is arguably the closest and greatest integration of the Korean culture. K-Pop music started around 1885 with the settlement of missionaries that taught a mixture of American and British folk songs to Koreans. However, the songs were sung in Korean lyrics implying that K-Pop is an integration of Western melodies sang in Korean. However, at this time the name K-Pop was not used as in the modern day and the music was commonly referred to as ‘changga’. In the later years during the Japanese rule, K-Pop was used as a mode of expression mainly targeting the oppression of the Japanese rule. For example, the song ‘Huimangga’, meaning the Song of Hope, was quite popular during this period. However, the rapid advancement of K-Pop was derailed by confiscation of the existing K-Pop records such as lyrics books. Nonetheless, there were some developments such as composition of songs that were a mixture of Korean traditional songs a nd gospel music taught by the missionaries. After the liberation of Korea from the Japanese rule in 1945, Korea was divided into two with major western settlements such as US troops focusing mainly on South Korea. During this time musicians like Marilyn Monroe took some performances to South Korea where there was further integration of Korean and Western music. This saw the rise of new Korean musicians such as ‘The Kim Sisters’ thereby increasing spread of K-Pop to different parts of the world. In 1970s there was increased focus on the younger generation such as in Universities. The younger generation was heavily influenced by the Western culture leading to a transformation of K-Pop following incorporation of guitars and the American hippie fashion style. In the 1990s K-Pop musicians such as ‘Seo Taiji and Boys’ adopted some aspects of the like rap, rock, and techno from the American music

Challenges to Sexual Health Care in Todays Society

Challenges to Sexual Health Care in Todays Society Meeting the sexual health demands facing young people in todays society The issue of sexual health in adolescent people is a vast topic with an associated vast literature on the subject. In this essay we aim to consider some of the major themes and critically analyse some of the peer reviewed literature to act as an evidence base for further consideration. (Berwick D 2005) In broad terms, sexual health can be divided into areas of physical health and emotional (or psychological) health. The adolescent age is classically one of turmoil, of establishing identity, values and ideals. This is arguably the time when the emotional turmoil relating to sexual identity comes to the fore. We should remind ourselves, before perhaps dismissing the notion of psychological health as being on a different level of seriousness as an overtly physical problem such as a sexually transmitted disease, (Coyle KK et al 2001), that one of the commonly accepted definitions of health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well being, and not just merely the absence of disease or infirmity. (UN 1995). One can argue that it is an essential component part of the developing person’s ability to become well adjusted, responsible and productive (in every sense of the word) members of society (UN 2002) Issues of sexuality have, ideally, to be resolved. The apparently eternal adolescent dilemmas of â€Å"am I sexually attractive?† â€Å"am I gay or straight?† or â€Å"am I ready to have sex?† clearly have a direct relevance to the psychological health of a person but the behaviour patterns that these questions can engender in an attempt to resolve them, can pose clear risk patterns to the physical sexual health of the adolescent. (Larson, R., et al. 2002.) To a large extent the issues that concern the adolescent have their origins in earlier life. As they progress through childhood, adults treat boys and girls differently, and thereby establish different expectations for their behaviour. These expectations are clearly influenced by their culture and a myriad of more subtle influences. They largely determine life outcomes. They also shape the adolescent’s introduction to sexual practices, sexuality and relationships generally. (Aarons SJ et al 2000) The reason for dwelling on these factors is that they have a fundamental bearing on the possibility of adverse reproductive and sexual health outcomes in later life, including events such as unwanted pregnancy, unsafe abortion and sexually transmitted diseases, all of which have major socio-economic components. (Churchill D et al 2000), Differential gender expectations and social treatment in childhood and the early adolescent period are thought to be frequent causal factors in adolescent problems. The bulk of this essay will be on the issues surrounding the major issues of STDs in the adolescent community. One of the most pressing issues in this regard (at least in terms of sheer numbers) is the issue of chlamydia. (Fenton KA et al 2001). In the specific terms of meeting the demands of the adolescent population we will begin this examination with a consideration of the National Chlamydia Screening programme. The programme was originally set up after the realisation that chlamydia was responsible for a large amount of morbidity in the community which had, hitherto been unrecognised (Cates W, et al. 1991). It is now seen as the single most commonly transmitted STD in the UK today. A huge proportion of what used to be called NSU is now recognised as being due to the chlamydia pathogen (Duncan 1998). If we consider the issues behind the screening programme, on one level the issues appear fairly straightforward and simple. Because we know that many cases of chlamydia are asymptomatic and that it can cause considerable damage and that it is also easily treatable, why not screen for it and minimise its impact? (Kufeji O et al 2003) On a more sophisticated level one must consider the cost-effectiveness considerations together with issues such as feasibility, efficiency and use of resources. If we examine the published rationale behind the National Chlamydia Screening programme as set out by The National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) we can see that it states that: Genital Chlamydia trachomatis is the commonest Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI) in England Genital chlamydial infection is an important reproductive health problem ~ 10-30% of infected women develop pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). A significant proportion of cases, particularly amongst women, are asymptomatic and so, are liable to remain undetected, putting women at risk of developing PID. Screening for genital chlamydia infection may reduce PID and ectopic pregnancy. They also concluded that there was not a great deal of data on the cost effectiveness of the possible procedure (Harry et al 1994) The paper itself is extremely detailed and, in essence, it points to the fact that it is extremely cost effective to detect and treat asymptomatic patients before they develop complications that then need treatment. Complications are outlined in the paper by Berry (et al 1995) and include the sequelae of infertility, pelvic inflammatory disease and ectopic pregnancy in women together with the complications that can occur in the male partners (infertility and prostatitis). The authors point to the fact that their screening programme reduced both the incidence and prevalence of pelvic inflammatory disease by 60% when compared to the unscreened population. Of particular relevance to our theme, we note that the screening programme became cost effective when the incidence of infection in the population of asymptomatic women rose above 1.1%. Figures quoted by Pimenta J (et al 2001) suggest that in our target age range the prevalence is approaching 11%. If we examine the literature on the subject we can see that the adolescent age range has the fastest growing proportion of chlamydial infections (Gilson et al 2001). This finding is therefore at odds with the logic of the report commissioned by the Chief Medical Officer (CMO 1998) which suggests that the groups to be screened under the National Programme should be: Everyone with symptoms of chlamydia infection, All those attending genitourinary medicine clinics, Women seeking termination of pregnancy. Opportunistic screening of young sexually active women under 25 years Women over 25 with a new sexual partner or two or more sexual partners in the past year. It will therefore be immediately apparent that there is no provision for screening for asymptomatic men and also that the adolescent population are not to be specifically targeted unless they attend clinics. On the subject of screening young men, there are a number of well written papers on the subject. Notable amongst them is the Duncan paper (Duncan et al. 2001) which looks at the issues of male screening from both a Public Health viewpoint and it also considers it from a feminist sociological angle which makes it, (in our examination of the current literature), almost unique. It is a thoughtful and well written document and tackles the thorny issue of the fact that many young women are reluctant to attend screening clinics as being screened for STDs has overtones and perception of being dirty and unattractive. A positive screening result can be associated with considerations of promiscuity. Such feelings are clearly counterproductive, particularly in the light of our earlier comments relating to the developing psyche of the adolescent. Duncan puts forward the hypothesis that by not screening men, it not only fosters gender inequalities, but it sends of negative messages regarding the man’s responsibility for sexual health (Pierpoint et al 2000). Critical analysis of this point suggest that although it may be intuitively true, the authors don’t produce any counter evidence with regard to the cost effectiveness of screening adolescent males (or any other age group for that matter) in the population (Stephenson et al 2000) Other authors do also make the point that it appears to be a generally accepted fact that women are actually easier to target than men as they tend to be heavier health care users than men in this age range (Stokes T 2000). The main practical thrust of this paper however, is in its call for a greater understanding of the woman’s point of view when organising and running screening clinics in order to broaden their appeal to the intended target groups (Santer et al 2000). Clearly this point is central to our considerations here as clearly there is no point in providing services to meet a perceived need if there is no uptake from the targeted population. If we turn our attention to the second most common STD in this age range we need to consider genital herpes. (Schacker T et al 2000) There are many common arguments in the areas of screening for genital herpes and chlamydia. Qualitative studies have shown a greater level of concern relating to genital herpes amongst the adolescent population that there is for chlamydia, and it is second only to HIV/AIDS (Corey L et al 2001). The specific problem with the age range that we are specifically considering here is that there is a general perception that genital herpes is a nuisance and a comparatively trivial condition. Indeed the majority of infections are either mild or subclinical. Serious complications are actually comparatively common and there is an increasing body of evidence that suggests that genital herpes infection is a potent facilitator of sexual transmission of the HIV virus. (Tripp J et al 2005) The major epidemiological factor that is relevant with genital herpes is the fact that transmission can occur in a long-standing monogamous relationship. Its immediate problem is that the longer the period of infectivity, the greater the potential for transmission. In the adolescent years when there is a greater likelihood of a number of sexual partners, infections can be contracted only to be passed on at a considerably later time due to the fact that subclinical or unrecognised reactivation in the infected partner is intermittent. (Hopkins J 2005) There is another element of sexual health that is specific to the adolescent age range. As we have already observed, adolescence is a time of considerable turmoil not only in terms of psyche but also in terms of hormones. There is an eye-catching paper by Brabin (2001) which considers the impact of fluctuating hormone levels on the body’s susceptibility to STDs It is already established that sex hormones play a role in the host’s resistance to STDs (Hewitt RG et al 2001). We can show this by considering sex differences in susceptibility to infection, variations in the clinical manifestations of infection during the menstrual cycle (Greenblatt RM et al 2000) and also during pregnancy (Brown ZA et al 1997) and also by the fact that the OC Pill predisposes to some infections (Wang CC et al 1999) The paper considers the implications of these facts with particular reference to the adolescent age group. It points to the sex differences in the acquisition of STDs with the adolescent girl getting infections such as genital herpes and chlamydia with greater frequency than the adolescent boy. (Obasi A et al 1999) Sex differences also have an effect on the efficacy of a genital herpes vaccine trial which showed a limited protective efficacy against genital herpes in women but none in men. (Stephenson J 2000). The whole area of the ability of the NHS to meet the demands of the sexual health needs of the adolescent is vast. We have not presumed to cover all of the relevant areas in this particular essay. In the areas that we have selected for examination and consideration we have been at pains to critically assess the evidence base as this is fundamental to the acceptance of the comparative validity of the various papers used. The adolescent age group has certain unique characteristics which set its sexual health related problems apart from the rest of the population. In short, they can be encapsulated in the turmoil of the characteristic psychological and physical changes that are typical of the age. We have examined how the psychological issues impinge on both the sexual behaviour patterns and therefore the disease exposure risks and also the willingness to attend clinics if a sexually acquired disease process becomes apparent. We have contrasted this pattern with the pattern of screening that is currently advised and implemented under the auspices of the National Chlamydia Screening Programme. We have also examined the negative aspect of the disproportionate concentration of resources of the older female population and therefore, by inference, the impact that this will have on the adolescent population. Issues such as genital herpes also have unique implications for the adolescent, particularly with the long period of infectivity that is relevant to this disease process. We also have examined the implications of the hormonal differences that are amplified by the hormonal changes that are apparent in this age range. References Aarons SJ, Jenkins RR, Raine TR, El-Khorazaty MN, Woodward KM, Williams RL, et al. 2000 Postponing sexual intercourse among urban junior high school students. A randomised controlled evaluation. J Adolesc Health 2000; 27: 236-247 Berry J, Crowley T, Horner P, et al. 1995 Screening for asymptomatic Chlamydia trachomatis infection in male students by examination of first catch urine. Genitourin Med 1995;71:329–30. Berwick D 2005 Broadening the view of evidence-based medicine Qual. Saf. Health Care, Oct 2005; 14: 315 316. Brabin L 2001 Hormonal markers of susceptibility to sexually transmitted infections: are we taking them seriously? BMJ 2001;323:394-395 ( 18 August ) Brown ZA, Selke S, Zeh J, Kopelman J, Maslow A, Ashley RL, et al. 1997 The acquisition of herpes simplex virus during pregnancy. N Engl J Med 1997; 337: 509-515 Cates W, Wasserheit JN. 1991 Genital chlamydial infections: epidemiology and reproductive sequelae. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1991; 164: 1771-1781 Churchill D, Allen J, Pringle M, Hippisley-Cox J, Ebdon D, Macpherson M, et al. 2000 Consultation patterns and provision of contraception in general practice before teenage pregnancy: case-control study. BMJ 2000; 321: 486-489 CMO 1998 Chief Medical Officer. Main report of the Chief Medical Officers Expert Advisory Group on Chlamydia trachomatis. London: Department of Health , 1998. Corey L, Wald A. 2001 Genital herpes. In: Holmes KK, Mà ¥rdh PA, Sparling PF, eds. Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 4th ed. New York, NY: McGraw Hill; 2001:285-312. Coyle KK, Basen-Engquist KM, Kirby DB, Parcel GS, Banspach SW, Collins JL, et al. 2001 Safer choices: reducing teen pregnancy, HIV, and STDs. Public Health Rep 2001; 116(suppl 1): 82-93 Duncan B, Hart G. 1998 Screening for Chlamydia trachomatis: a qualitative study of womens views. Prevenir 1998; (suppl 24): 229. Duncan B, Graham Hart, Anne Scoular, and Alison Bigrigg 2001 Qualitative analysis of psychosocial impact of diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis: implications for screening BMJ, Jan 2001; 322: 195 – 199 Larson, R., et al. 2002. Changes in Adolescents’ Interpersonal Experiences: Are They being Prepared for Adult Relationships in the Twenty-first Century?† Journal of Research on Adolesence 12(1): 31-68; 2002 Fenton KA, Korovessis C, Johnson AM, et al. 2001 Sexual behaviour in Britain: reported sexually transmitted infections and prevalent genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection. Lancet 2001;358:1851–4. Gilson RJC and Mindel A 2001 Recent advances: Sexually transmitted infections BMJ, May 2001; 322: 1160 1164 Greenblatt RM, Ameli N, Grant RM, Bacchetti P, Taylor RN. 2000 Impact of the ovulatory cycle on virologic and immunologic markers in HIV-infected women. J Infect Dis 2000; 181: 82-90 Harry T, Saravanamuttu K, Rashid S, et al. 1994 Audit evaluating the value of routine screening of Chlamydia trachomatis urethral infections in men. Int J STD AIDS 1994;5:374–5 Hewitt RG, Parsa N, Gugino L. 2001 The role of gender in HIV progression. AIDS Reader 2001; 11: 29-33 Howell MR , TC Quinn, CA Gaydos. 1998 Screening for Chlamydia trachomatis in asymptomatic women attending family planning clinics. Annals of Internal Medicine 1998 128:277-84 Kufeji O, R Slack, J A Cassell, S Pugh, and A Hayward 2003 Who is being tested for genital chlamydia in primary care? Sex. Transm. Inf., June 1, 2003; 79(3): 234 236. Obasi A, Mosha F, Quigley M, Sekirassa Z, Gibbs T, Munguti K, et al. 1999 Antibody to herpes simplex virus type 2 as a marker of sexual risk behavior in rural Tanzania. J Infect Dis 1999; 179: 16-24 Pierpoint T, Thomas B, Judd A, et al. 2000 Prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis in young men in north west London. Sex Transm Infect 2000;76:273–6. Pimenta J, Catchpole M, Gray M, Hopwood J, Randall S. 2001 Screening for genital chlamydial infection. BMJ 2001 321: 629-631 Santer M, Warner P, Wyke S, et al. 2000 Opportunistic screening for chlamydia infection in general practice: can we reach young women? J Med Screen 2000;7:175–6. Schacker T, Zeh J, Hu HL, et al. 2000 Frequency of symptomatic and asymptomatic herpes simplex virus type 2 reactivations among human immunodeficiency virus-infected men. J Infect Dis. 2000;178:1616-1622. Stephenson J. 2000 Genital herpes vaccine shows limited promise. JAMA 2000; 284: 1913-1914 Stephenson J, Carder C, Copas A, et al. 2000 Home screening for chlamydial genital infection: is it acceptable to young men and women? Sex Transm Infect 2000;76:25–7. Stokes T, Mears J. 2000 Sexual health and the practice nurse: a survey of reported practice and attitudes. Br J Fam Plann 2000;26:89–92 Tanne JH 2005 US teenagers think oral sex isnt real sex BMJ, Apr 2005; 330: 865 ; Tripp J and Viner R 2005 Sexual health, contraception, and teenage pregnancy BMJ, Mar 2005; 330: 590 593 ; UN 1995 United Nations. 1995. Population and Development, vol. 1: Programme of Action adopted at the International Conference on Population and Development: Cairo, 5-13 September 1994, paragraph 7.2. New York: Department of Economic and Social Information and Policy Analysis, United Nations. 1994 UN 2002 United Nations. 2002. World Youth Report 2003: Report of the Secretary- General (E/CN.5/2003/4), para. 16. New York: Commission for Social Development, United Nations. 2002 Wang CC, Kreiss JK, Reilly M. 1999 Risk of HIV infection in oral contraceptive pill users: a meta-analysis. J AIDS 1999; 21: 51-58 Wilson JS, Honey E, Templeton A, et al. 2002 A systematic review of the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis among European women. Human Reproduction Update 2002;8:385–94. ############################################################# 11.3.06 PDG Word count 3,100

How do pre-1914 writers create a sense of suspense, mystery and fear? :: Free Essay Writer

How do pre-1914 writers create a sense of suspense, mystery and fear? Comparison of three short novels The Red Room is a very good ghost story that was written by H.G Wells. The story was intended to be scary when it was written and it uses tension, atmosphere and a scary plot. Without these key features it would not succeed as a successful ghost story. The reason for this is to entice the reader by giving them small clues so it does not give the plot away, but you have to read on because it does not give enough away only small clues, so it is still a mystery. The main thing that helps create the good atmosphere for a ghost story is that it is set in the old castle. It is occupied by the three old people. They’re described as custodians. The candles that are situated round the castle also helps create atmosphere because it shows that it is in the night and most ghost stories are set at night and it then in turn provides an eerie atmosphere. At the beginning of the story the old people help add to the atmosphere by saying the things that had apparently happened there in the Red Room in the past. These things include; 'This night of all nights,' this makes it sound like it could be a type of anniversary of when something or someone had died or an event happened and this night is the worst night to go to the Red Room. 'In which the young Duke had died.' This shows you that something apparently had happened at the castle, a person had died in the Red Room which adds more evidence to there being a ghost being in the room. This then starts to make 'The Red Room' a better ghost story. 'And are you really going?' This shows that the man cannot believe that he is going to The Red Room. Other things such as the journey also turn out to be a good way of building atmosphere in the story. The way to the room is deliberately a long journey because if it was just up the corridor then there would be no suspense about the room and what can happen on the way to the room. The darkness of the journey also helps to create a ghostly atmosphere because it makes the littlest things look like the scariest things as in the dark things are not portrayed as what they really are. 'The ornaments and conveniences of the room about them were ghostly.' The silence of the journey helps to create echoes which add also to

Thesis Paper on Hate Speech

IntroductionThesis Statement: Should hate speech be censored? Yes hate speech should be censored for numerous of reasons due toff the effects it will bring to our society.Expanded Thesis Statement: Yet people might believe that hate speech should be allowed due to belief of freedom of speech, hate speech weather it’s allowed or not still does not make it right.It does not make it right because it most likely leads to bigger issues such as riots, physical abuse, and conflicts. I believe people are allowed to speak their mind and do have freedom of speech but to a certain point.Background: Four Teenagers were arrested in December of 2006 for insulting North Koreans. The hate speech was toward their nationality which ended up as a major conflict.ArgumentsArgument One: Hate speech leads to conflicts, riots, and disagreements in societyIt hurts individual groups, such as people religion, background, beliefs and more.Leads to moral damage. Also damages social structure in societyEve n things such as computer games or internet communication with friends can lead to international conflict and cyber bullyingArgument Two: Hate speech leads to violent crimesIf the number of hate crimes are decreased, we improve the welfare of societyBecause of hate speech society becomes more violent and leads to violent crimesTo avoid conflict, hate speech should not be allowed when it comedown down to certain things such as racism, religion, and cultureArgument Three: Hate speech through the Internet also known as cyber bullying causes many incidents of teenage suicidesAllow people might say censoring the internet for ate speech is nearly impossible due to freedom of speech it should still be overlooked because of its causes and efforts to the people around usMore and more suicides are becoming a major issue in our nation because of hate speech and violenceIt affects people’s lives regardless and should be taken notice weather it’s censored or not, it should not be a llowed to a certain point.ConclusionAlthough people believe of freedom of speech and speaking there mind, Hate speech should be censored due to a certain pointHate speech as many negative affect when it comes to our society and causes many incidents such as violent acts and just hatred. Such actions should be overlooked and taken into more consideration and importance

Frito-Lay It Strategy Essays

Frito-Lay It Strategy Essays Frito-Lay It Strategy Paper Frito-Lay It Strategy Paper Frito-Lay in the mid to late 1980’s was looking to change its way of doing business. As with many large companies, decisions were made on a corporate level, with field operations carrying out the business plan. This model, though efficient in terms of use of resources on the corporate level, did not allow for the kind of flexibility that the snack foods market demanded. The outgoing CEO, Willard Korn, had set forward a micromarketing strategy where each field office would be responsible for identifying demand, conducting promotions and other marketing activities and ordering replenishment. The problem with this approach was that Frito-Lay lacked the technological framework to make it happen in an efficient manner. (Frito-Lay, 1992) Overlap Between IT and Corporate Strategy Frito-Lay’s corporate strategy, set forward by the new CEO, Michael Jordan, was to initiate the micromarketing strategy begun by his predecessor, but do so in a way that will allow the company to retain overall control while allowing regional decision making to adapt to market changes. Essentially, Mr. Jordan was implementing the same strategy, but his approach was to garner much more success. The key to success would be to use technology to improve the flow of information to and from production, sales, marketing and the corporate level. The IT strategy would center on understanding the information needs of the business and designing and executing a technology solution that will help achieve corporate goals. Overlap Between IT and Functional Area Strategy The central problem Frito-Lay was experiencing was that information gathering and decision making was most efficient when closest to the consumer process, or â€Å"where the rubber meets the road†. : Given variations from region to region, different marketing efforts needed to be developed and no corporate marketing plan would allow for the most efficient use of resources across the entire company. To achieve this, IT strategy would center on developing an efficient and usable system to allow the free flow of information from consumer purchases up to regional sales offices. The primary tool that would be used in this effort would be the handheld computer (HHC). This tool would allow field representatives to gather restocking information, sell-through and other sales data when visiting each store that sells the product. This information could then be sent, in real-time, to the regional office for ordering replenishment and marketing analysis. (Frito-Lay, 1992) The functional area strategy is the plan for Frito-Lay to implement the new IT and corporate plans on the operational level. Obviously, any well-laid out corporate and IT strategy is useless if it isn’t implemented properly in the operation of the business. Strategic Plan Items Needing Review Obviously such a large change in operating procedure would require review of the plan by management of both the IT process and business processes. If a review is not conducted, then money and resources may be spent on projects that end up not working as intended, thereby wasting those resources. (Turban, 2010) The first thing that should be reviewed is the overall business strategy and whether the plan will achieve the objectives of moving operational and marketing decision making downstream, closer to the consumer. This includes the following items: 1)Will the sales force be able to use the information quickly? 2)Will replenishment be more efficient than under the current model? )How will marketing decisions be made and what influence will the corporate strategy have on them? Secondly, the IT strategy must be analyzed to determine if the technology solutions will meet the business need: 1)Can the HHCs be used by the current workforce without a significant investment in training? 2)Will the regional sales offices be able to make accurate and timely decisions based upon the information gathered? 3)Can the corporate offices aggre gate the information into usable analytics? 4)Is there any potential for cost or time overruns? What is the critical path? Justification of Key Components 1)Will the sales force be able to use the information quickly? – A central goal of the business strategy is to allow decentralized, micromarketing to be done in each of the 32 regions. Since the gathering of data is done in each vendor store, the lead time will be dependent upon operations. For example, if a given region has several large stores and dozens of smaller ones, is the replenishment done on a regular basis in all of them? If the larger stores order new inventory less often, it may result in a delay in pertinent sales data. )Will replenishment be more efficient than under the current model? – Obviously gathering restocking information â€Å"at the store shelf† is very efficient, but can that be translated into just-in-time inventory? Can the information be used to accurately forecast demand in the future? On a smaller, regional scale, activities by the consumer can affect demand. A good example of this may be a parade in a given town. If more people have taken to the streets to celebrate, they may purchase more snack food? How will this scenario affect stock and sales? 3)How will marketing decisions be made and what influence will the corporate strategy have on them? – Armed with more timely information about regional sales, the micromarketing strategy will allow regional managers to decide the best marketing mix to use in order to meet goals. What portion of the decision should be theirs? How will the local efforts align with national advertising campaigns? 4)Can the HHCs be used by the current workforce without a significant investment in training? Aside from the regional sales force, the biggest change in job functions under the new strategy will be the field representatives. Where before they used essentially pen and paper to order new inventory, now they will be confronted with an automated computer system in an age when computers were generally a luxury item for most people. What kind of training must be done? Will the new system have a negative effect on efficiency in the short run? What will the cost of that be? 5)Will regional sales offices be able to make accurate and timely decisions based upon the information gathered? On the back-end of the HHCs will be a new decisions support system, which will assist management in making decisions that are aligned with the corporate goals. Can the staff be trained in its use? Will managers previously accustomed to independent decision making will now be confronted with a computer telling them the best course of action, which will not always seem most evident. This can lead to implementation problems much like the HHC and the field staff. 6)Can the corporate offices aggregate the information into usable analytics? On a national level, the data gathered regionally will be used to decide the best impact for advertising dollars. How will the data differ from the old method, which had a much longer lead time? Can this improvement in timeliness be leveraged at the corporate level? A good example would be a news story about tainted corn supplies. Obviously this may lead to a drop in sales of corn-based products across the country. How will the company respond? Can they measure the drop effectively and decide the response in time? )Is there any potential for time or cost overruns? What is the critical path? – Lastly, Frito-Lay needs to look at the overall schedule and ensure the implementation is done in a way that will put all relevant departments on schedule. A clear understanding of the schedule of the project and its critical activities will ensure that the company gives priority to those that will result in delays. A delay on this scale could significantly hurt profits, since executive management needs to know completion in order to have an accurate business plan. Turban, 2010) Effective Communication Strategies Communicating an IT strategy to executives is a challenge because of the different background they often come from and the different way of looking at the business. While any business perso n can understand cost savings and extended costs over time, the unique nature of technology requires that each detail be explained in the context of the overall initiative, in this case, the transition from central decision making to regional offices supported by a strong information systems infrastructure. The best method for communicating the overall IT concept to executives is an in-person presentation with supporting analysis in the form of a chart or graph. This allows the executive team to look at the big picture in a format that will allow questions and feedback. It also summarizes the scenario without providing so much detail that the presentation will be mired in questions and discussion. A second approach is a cost analysis report with full detail. While not as personal or interactive as a presentation, the full report will give every detail of the project with upporting data. (Turban, 2010) Communication of a new initiative to senior management may take on a similar approach as executive communication, but with additional detail on implementation plans and less â€Å"big picture† numbers such as extended costs, IT hardware investment, etc. Senior management will want to know the schedule of the rollout and any required modifications to workflows from other departments in order to plan effectively for resources and budgets in their own areas. When one looks at the team level of communication, a different approach is needed. Since this level isn’t making large scale decisions, but instead carrying out an objective set forward by management, documentation is more effective. While all teams could be placed into a large meeting to go over the proposed changes, the best way of conveying the changes are in written form, either via email, internal memo or even posted to a company intranet. This allows each team member to read about the changes independently and understand what needs to be done. These team members can then work together to achieve the objectives. Evaluation of Effective Communication Strategies In the context of the Frito-Lay case study, communicating IT strategies becomes much more important. In the mid-1980’s, the average level of technological understanding was lower among everyone, including executives. Technology was just starting to be leveraged to realize internal cost savings through improved efficiency in the 1980’s. Because of this, it was far more unproven than it is today. The most effective approach would probably be to do both of the aforementioned methods in order to communicate the plan to management. A detailed report with complete numbers should be provided to the executive team days to weeks in advance of the presentation. This allows them time to review and formulate questions and concerns to bring up in the discussion following the presentation. Senior management would need a slightly altered presentation compared to executive management. This is because senior management will be concerned with budgeting, resource allocation and project planning for the new initiative instead of information required to make a decision. This also means that any reports presented before or after the in-person presentation should focus on smaller operational level numbers instead of larger market data. Team-level communication, in the form of a meeting followed by emails/memos is effective for this group because of the need for detailed information about the processes that will be changing, new workflows, changes in organization, new equipment, etc. This can then be followed up with additional training as required for each functional area. For example, only the team level would need to learn how to use the handheld computers, so only they would really need the documentation for the HHCs. Differences in Communication Needs Between IT Staff and Executive Staff As mentioned before, the executive team is unlikely to understand the details of the technology being deployed. A person with a traditional business background looks primarily at a small number of factors in making a decision. Questions they will ask include: What is the up-front investment cost? What are the extended costs over time? What is the payback period? These are all business indicators that involve the profitability of the company and the costs versus benefit. IT staff is much more likely to look at the scalability and utility of the technology as opposed to the business bottom line. While cost is still a concern, the IT professional is likely to have a longer view of the costs, in the scope of years as opposed to quarterly budgets. Further, the communication may take the form of a more detailed analysis of the standards of the hardware being purchased and whether those standards are expected to change in the future with contingency planning for a migration. For this purpose, a full report may be more useful than a presentation. (Turban, 2010) Strategic Framework that Aligns IT Strategy with Business Strategy The best approach Frito-Lay could use to align its IT and Business strategies would be Business Service Management. Under this methodology, each component of the project will have a key performance indicator (KPI) to determine its impact on the business as a whole. In addition to IT having a KPI, the business side of the company will also have a complimentary KPI. This approach is useful because in a project of this size, a constant measure of the impact and progress must be done to ensure the company is meeting its goals. By setting forward the plan ahead of time and determining what areas must achieve goals and to what extent, the project can be kept on track with an eye to the bottom line. In this case its even more important because of the large investment required of Frito-Lay. A poorly executed initiative could badly damage the profitability of the company. IT Assistance to Business Unit Strategy Development IT can help develop strategy in a number of ways: )A robust and widespread data mining and analytics system will allow business managers to understand where the maximum impact for their investment is being made, thereby allowing them to maximize those dollars. Moreover, the ability to trend out sales data in real time based upon real figures allows each business unit the ability to understand where they are going based upon where the y have been. 2)A well designed decision support system will allow different managers in different business units to make decisions that are complimentary to one another and align with the company goal. While the facts available to one area of the business may signal a given course of action, the decision should be made with an eye to the overall objective as well as what other business units are doing. The further use of an automated decision support system (ADS) will further assist management in ensuring that the BU strategy aligns with the overall company direction. 3)A final area where IT may help business strategy is in understanding the trends in the technology itself. This can include internal infrastructure and technology trends in general. For example, Frito-Lay may have looked to invest in a company network to link each regional office. This would have required a big investment. As of the late 1990’s, the internet as we know it wasn’t yet around for the general public. A few years later, it was established, and that investment would not be needed. ? References: Frito-Lay, (1992) Frito-Lay Inc, A Strategic Transition (Abridged) Turban, Efriam. (2010). Information technology for management: improving performance in the digital economy, 7th edition . Manoa, HI: Wiley.

Free Essays on Immigrants Making Their Way To Freedom

, English in short knickers, and Arabs in long robes. A new life was ahead of them, leaving their old ones behind along with families and friends. As the immigrants glanced at their first sight of America, they were able to see America’s most populous port and America’s powerful welcome of the Statue of Liberty. On the New Jersey side of the river, were the red brick buildings of Ellis Island. The four towers of its largest building rose over 140 feet into the air. This was a place of rules and questions, the official building, where five thousand people were processed each day. The men were migrated first, in order to seek out jobs and housings. The wives, children, and parents followed. In all, 60 million people sought out to America to find a new life during the 19th and early 20th centuries. They came from word of promise of jobs, freedom, and a fortune to be made. The earliest arrivals started in the mid1840’s. The First Wave of immigrants came from Ireland, England, Germany, and Scandinavia, which were escaping starvation, feudal governments, and the social upheaval from the Industrial Revolution. A Second Wave of immigrants from 1890-1924 came from Southern and Eastern Europe. This group was during America’s peak immigration years. Not only were these immigrants fleeing taxes, poverty, and overpopulation, but also oppression and religious persecution. The passage to America improved dramatically when the steam-powered ships came about. Ocean travel time was cut in half from three months to two weeks. Shipping lines such as the Cunard ... Free Essays on Immigrants Making Their Way To Freedom Free Essays on Immigrants Making Their Way To Freedom Ellis Island received thousands of immigrants a day from 1840 to 1924. Great steamships of the early 20th century transported faces of thousand nations to the New York Harbor. There were Russian Jews with fascinated beards, Irish farmers who carried marks of hard work from their home land, Greeks in slippers and kilts, Italians with mustaches, Cossacks carrying fierce swords, English in short knickers, and Arabs in long robes. A new life was ahead of them, leaving their old ones behind along with families and friends. As the immigrants glanced at their first sight of America, they were able to see America’s most populous port and America’s powerful welcome of the Statue of Liberty. On the New Jersey side of the river, were the red brick buildings of Ellis Island. The four towers of its largest building rose over 140 feet into the air. This was a place of rules and questions, the official building, where five thousand people were processed each day. The men were migrated first, in order to seek out jobs and housings. The wives, children, and parents followed. In all, 60 million people sought out to America to find a new life during the 19th and early 20th centuries. They came from word of promise of jobs, freedom, and a fortune to be made. The earliest arrivals started in the mid1840’s. The First Wave of immigrants came from Ireland, England, Germany, and Scandinavia, which were escaping starvation, feudal governments, and the social upheaval from the Industrial Revolution. A Second Wave of immigrants from 1890-1924 came from Southern and Eastern Europe. This group was during America’s peak immigration years. Not only were these immigrants fleeing taxes, poverty, and overpopulation, but also oppression and religious persecution. The passage to America improved dramatically when the steam-powered ships came about. Ocean travel time was cut in half from three months to two weeks. Shipping lines such as the Cunard ...

How should one live Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

How should one live - Essay Example 2). Most of us people believe that a life devoid of sorrow or hardships is essentially the one that is desirable. Yet another school of thought holds that sorrow and happiness are the two sides of the same coin, and that hardships are an invincible component of human life. According to them, the true essence of life lies in the success in overcoming the difficulties and challenges posed by life. A balanced approach towards life is instrumental in bringing about a transformation of the mind and the soul. It is true that happiness and peace are  the two major issues in human existence. But one can never get everything he/she wants because it is practically impossible. â€Å"The good for man is an activity of the soul in accordance with virtue, or if there are more kinds of virtue than one, in accordance with the best and most perfect kind.† (Barnes, 2004, p. 16). One can learn to control his/her mind and live a restrained and satisfied life with a whole new viewpoint. Restraint and self-control helps to purify the mind. It cleanses the thought process of negative feelings like greed, hatred and jealousy that keep us enslaved in emotional bondage. It brings the mind to a state of tranquility and awareness and leads the soul to a state of concentration and insight. Another way of leading a meaningful life is to learn to love one self. It is a matter of great regret that most of us spend our entire life cursing ourselves for what we are and pondering over what we could or should have been. We feel ashamed and embarrassed to accept what we are and keep comparing ourselves with others. Instead of self-reproach one should rather love oneself and one’s world. One should realize that pain and comfort are two facets of the same life. So if we are so eager to gain comfort, we should also not hesitate in facing pain. The idea that has to be reinforced is that one should be equally receptive to the

Examine the view that marketing theory and concepts portrayed in the Essay

Examine the view that marketing theory and concepts portrayed in the traditional marketing literature have only limited application in guiding small business ma - Essay Example An organization that focuses on the consumer or on the market must determine the desires of the potential consumers and then develop the service or product based on the results. At this point, the two important marketing factors are the acquiring or recruiting of fresh customers and the expansion and retention of the buying relationship with the customers that are already in existence. The following are important under marketing theory and concepts. The variables that normally operate within and without the business operating environment influence the marketing strategy indirectly or directly. For an organization to be successful, it must be in a position to understand and also anticipate the changes that are taking place within the business environment. The organization must thereafter take advantage of these changes. This is what gives the business a competitive advantage. The marketing environment consists of the internal and external factors. An organization has to employ the sufficient and competitive staff to carry out the business activities. The employees must also be well motivated as part of the organizational strategic plan. When and if necessary, they must be taken through the process of training as well as development especially in the organizations that are service oriented so that the employees are able to offer the right services to the customers. This is likely to give the organization a competitive edge, (Blankson and Stokes, 2002). 2. Customers The organization's customers are the driving force and the basis of survival for the organization. If they do not consume the services as well as the goods f the organization, then the organization would just have to close down. The organization must meet consumer wants, needs satisfactorily. Anything short of that will lead to the failure of the organizational strategy. (Blankson and Stokes, 2002) 3. The shareholders These are the actual owners of the business and they pressure the management to give them the highest dividends possible. To satisfy the business shareholders, the organization has to be productive and profitable. 4. The suppliers A change in the cost of the raw materials directly affects the strategy that is used by the organization's marketing mix. This may result to the shooting up of the prices of the end product. The organization must ensure that it has a close and workable relationship with the suppliers to ensure that the organization's products and services are of high quality. 5. The media The attention that the media accords to the organization and its products as well as services creates a positive or negative publicity; this can either break or makes an organization. 6. Competitors The organization should at all cost aim at offering better services and products than the